Why sir isaac newton is famous

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S K Stein, Exactly how did Newton deal with his planets? Intelligencer 18 2 , 6 - F Steinle, Was ist Masse? Newtons Begriff der Materiemenge, Philos. L Stewart, Seeing through the scholium : religion and reading Newton in the eighteenth century, Hist. E W Strong, Newton's 'mathematical way', J. Ideas 12 , 90 - J Such, Newton's fields of study and methodological principia, in Isaac Newton's 'Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica' Singapore, , - When Newton was Galileo Galilei is considered the father of modern science and made major contributions to the fields of physics, astronomy, cosmology, mathematics and philosophy.

Galileo invented an improved telescope that let him observe and describe the moons of Jupiter, the Enlightenment thinkers in The printing press is a device that allows for the mass production of uniform printed matter, mainly text in the form of books, pamphlets and newspapers.

Created in China, the printing press revolutionized society there before being further developed in Europe in the 15th The German-born physicist Albert Einstein developed the first of his groundbreaking theories while working as a clerk in the Swiss patent office in Bern. After making his name with four scientific articles published in , he went on to win worldwide fame for his general Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer known as the father of modern astronomy.

He was the first modern European scientist to propose that Earth and other planets revolve around the sun, or the Heliocentric Theory of the universe. Prior to the publication of his major In his 84 years, Thomas Edison acquired a record number of 1, patents singly or jointly and was the driving force behind such innovations as the phonograph, the incandescent light bulb and one of the earliest motion picture cameras.

Alexander Graham Bell, best known for his invention of the telephone, revolutionized communication as we know it. This allowed the new machine to focus all the colors on a single point, resulting in a crisper, more accurate image. To this day, reflecting telescopes, including the Hubble Space Telescope, are key tools of astronomy. Newton's apple insight allowed him to develop the three laws of motion. These laws are still used to describe how forces affect objects, like how rockets fly or baseballs move.

A force may be thought of as a push or pull in a specific direction. First Law of Motion: Inertia An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion along a straight line unless moved by an outside force. Second Law of Motion: Acceleration An object will accelerate if force is applied to it.

Acceleration is the rate of change of an object's velocity. The acceleration will happen in the direction of the force. For a fixed force, bigger objects will have a smaller acceleration.

For example, say Object A hits Object B. This means that A is exerting a force on B in a certain direction. By Newton's third law, A is also receiving a force by B. The two forces are equal and are directed in opposite directions. The Latin title is translated as Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy , and the book is commonly known as the Principia.

At that point, he served as the head of Britain's Royal Mint, which printed money and created coins. He also served in Parliament, a branch of the British government, and wrote on religion, among other things. As a personality, Newton was solitary when young, and vain and vengeful in his later years, Rees says.

He "sabotaged his rivals," Rees adds. He said Newton "was a complex character, who also pursued alchemy"—the search for a method to turn common metals into gold.

As Master of the Mint, Newton showed no mercy toward counterfeit coin-makers sentenced to death, Wallace says. Initially the work was to have a two book structure, but Newton subsequently shifted to three books, and replaced the original version of the final book with one more mathematically demanding. The manuscript for Book 1 was sent to London in the spring of , and the manuscripts for Books 2 and 3, in March and April , respectively.

The roughly three hundred copies of the Principia came off the press in the summer of , thrusting the 44 year old Newton into the forefront of natural philosophy and forever ending his life of comparative isolation.

The years between the publication of the Principia and Newton's permanent move to London in were marked by his increasing disenchantment with his situation in Cambridge. In January , following the Glorious Revolution at the end of , he was elected to represent Cambridge University in the Convention Parliament, which he did until January During this time he formed friendships with John Locke and Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, and in the summer of he finally met Christiaan Huygens face to face for two extended discussions.

Perhaps because of disappointment with Huygens not being convinced by the argument for universal gravity, in the early s Newton initiated a radical rewriting of the Principia. During these same years he wrote but withheld his principal treatise in alchemy, Praxis ; he corresponded with Richard Bentley on religion and allowed Locke to read some of his writings on the subject; he once again entered into an effort to put his work on the calculus in a form suitable for publication; and he carried out experiments on diffraction with the intent of completing his Opticks , only to withhold the manuscript from publication because of dissatisfaction with its treatment of diffraction.

The radical revision of the Principia became abandoned by , during the middle of which Newton suffered, by his own testimony, what in more recent times would be called a nervous breakdown. In the two years following his recovery that autumn, he continued his experiments in chymistry and he put substantial effort into trying to refine and extend the gravity-based theory of the lunar orbit in the Principia , but with less success than he had hoped. Throughout these years Newton showed interest in a position of significance in London, but again with less success than he had hoped until he accepted the relatively minor position of Warden of the Mint in early , a position he held until he became Master of the Mint at the end of He again represented Cambridge University in Parliament for 16 months, beginning in , the year in which he resigned his Fellowship at Trinity College and the Lucasian Professorship.

Newton thus became a figure of imminent authority in London over the rest of his life, in face-to-face contact with individuals of power and importance in ways that he had not known in his Cambridge years. His everyday home life changed no less dramatically when his extraordinarily vivacious teenage niece, Catherine Barton, the daughter of his half-sister Hannah, moved in with him shortly after he moved to London, staying until she married John Conduitt in , and after that remaining in close contact.

It was through her and her husband that Newton's papers came down to posterity. Catherine was socially prominent among the powerful and celebrated among the literati for the years before she married, and her husband was among the wealthiest men of London. The London years saw Newton embroiled in some nasty disputes, probably made the worse by the ways in which he took advantage of his position of authority in the Royal Society.

In the first years of his Presidency he became involved in a dispute with John Flamsteed in which he and Halley, long ill-disposed toward the Flamsteed, violated the trust of the Royal Astronomer, turning him into a permanent enemy. Ill feelings between Newton and Leibniz had been developing below the surface from even before Huygens had died in , and they finally came to a head in when John Keill accused Leibniz in the Philosophical Transactions of having plagiarized the calculus from Newton and Leibniz, a Fellow of the Royal Society since , demanded redress from the Society.

The Society's published response was anything but redress. Newton not only was a dominant figure in this response, but then published an outspoken anonymous review of it in in the Philosophical Transactions. Leibniz and his colleagues on the Continent had never been comfortable with the Principia and its implication of action at a distance.

With the priority dispute this attitude turned into one of open hostility toward Newton's theory of gravity — a hostility that was matched in its blindness by the fervor of acceptance of the theory in England. The public elements of the priority dispute had the effect of expanding a schism between Newton and Leibniz into a schism between the English associated with the Royal Society and the group who had been working with Leibniz on the calculus since the s, including most notably Johann Bernoulli, and this schism in turn transformed into one between the conduct of science and mathematics in England versus the Continent that persisted long after Leibniz died in Although Newton obviously had far less time available to devote to solitary research during his London years than he had had in Cambridge, he did not entirely cease to be productive.

The first English edition of his Opticks finally appeared in , appended to which were two mathematical treatises, his first work on the calculus to appear in print. This edition was followed by a Latin edition in and a second English edition in , each containing important Queries on key topics in natural philosophy beyond those in its predecessor. The second edition of the Principia , on which Newton had begun work at the age of 66 in , was published in , with a third edition in Though the original plan for a radical restructuring had long been abandoned, the fact that virtually every page of the Principia received some modifications in the second edition shows how carefully Newton, often prodded by his editor Roger Cotes, reconsidered everything in it; and important parts were substantially rewritten not only in response to Continental criticisms, but also because of new data, including data from experiments on resistance forces carried out in London.

Focused effort on the third edition began in , when Newton was 80 years old, and while the revisions are far less extensive than in the second edition, it does contain substantive additions and modfications, and it surely has claim to being the edition that represents his most considered views.

Newton died on 20 March at the age of His contemporaries' conception of him nevertheless continued to expand as a consequence of various posthumous publications, including The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended ; the work originally intended to be the last book of the Principia , The System of the World , in both English and Latin ; Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St.

Even then, however, the works that had been published represented only a limited fraction of the total body of papers that had been left in the hands of Catherine and John Conduitt. The five volume collection of Newton's works edited by Samuel Horsley —85 did not alter this situation. Through the marriage of the Conduitts' daughter Catherine and subsequent inheritance, this body of papers came into the possession of Lord Portsmouth, who agreed in to allow it to be reviewed by scholars at Cambridge University John Couch Adams, George Stokes, H.

Luard, and G. They issued a catalogue in , and the university then retained all the papers of a scientific character. With the notable exception of W. The remaining papers were returned to Lord Portsmouth, and then ultimately sold at auction in to various parties.

Serious scholarly work on them did not get underway until the s, and much remains to be done on them. Three factors stand in the way of giving an account of Newton's work and influence. First is the contrast between the public Newton, consisting of publications in his lifetime and in the decade or two following his death, and the private Newton, consisting of his unpublished work in math and physics, his efforts in chymistry — that is, the 17th century blend of alchemy and chemistry — and his writings in radical theology — material that has become public mostly since World War II.

Only the public Newton influenced the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, yet any account of Newton himself confined to this material can at best be only fragmentary. Second is the contrast, often shocking, between the actual content of Newton's public writings and the positions attributed to him by others, including most importantly his popularizers. Third is the contrast between the enormous range of subjects to which Newton devoted his full concentration at one time or another during the 60 years of his intellectual career — mathematics, optics, mechanics, astronomy, experimental chemistry, alchemy, and theology — and the remarkably little information we have about what drove him or his sense of himself.

Biographers and analysts who try to piece together a unified picture of Newton and his intellectual endeavors often end up telling us almost as much about themselves as about Newton. Compounding the diversity of the subjects to which Newton devoted time are sharp contrasts in his work within each subject. The most important element common to these two was Newton's deep commitment to having the empirical world serve not only as the ultimate arbiter, but also as the sole basis for adopting provisional theory.

Throughout all of this work he displayed distrust of what was then known as the method of hypotheses — putting forward hypotheses that reach beyond all known phenomena and then testing them by deducing observable conclusions from them. Newton insisted instead on having specific phenomena decide each element of theory, with the goal of limiting the provisional aspect of theory as much as possible to the step of inductively generalizing from the specific phenomena.